PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Liddell, Patty W.
AU  - Kenwright, Kathleen
AU  - Crawford, Ashley N.
TI  - Acute Histoplasmosis with Pleural Effusion in an Immunocompetent Patient
AID  - 10.29074/ascls.28.1.8
DP  - 2015 Jan 01
TA  - American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science
PG  - 8--14
VI  - 28
IP  - 1
4099  - http://hwmaint.clsjournal.ascls.org/content/28/1/8.short
4100  - http://hwmaint.clsjournal.ascls.org/content/28/1/8.full
SO  - Clin Lab Sci2015 Jan 01; 28
AB  - Histoplasmosis is a mycosis caused by the organism Histoplasma capsulatum and is transmitted to humans through aerosol and ingestion. It is endemic in several areas of the United States, Central and South America and has variants in Europe, Asia and Africa where the mycelial form grows in soil rich in nutrients. When the soil is disturbed, either spores or hyphal elements can spread populating nearby areas or they may be carried by mechanical vectors. It is also possible for infected vectors to spread the fungus. The following case study presents an atypical occurrence of acute severe histoplasmosis in an immunocompetent adult. Included is an overview of the diagnostic process, the organism's history, characteristics, pathogenicity, and host responses.ABBREVIATIONS: BAL - bronchial alveolar lavage, EIA - enzyme immunoassay, ELISA - enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, NK - natural killer, PAMPS - pathogen associated molecular patterns, PRR- pattern recognition receptors, TLR2 - Toll-like receptors, MR - mannose receptor, TH1 - T helper cell 1