Table 2.

Demographics and bivariate analyses

VariablesTotal n (%) N = 1,000CKD1 Cases
n (%) N = 500
Controls: No CKD
n (%) N = 500
P Value
Gender.75a
 Male411 (41.1)208 (41.6)203 (40.6)
 Female589 (58.9)292 (58.4)297 (59.4)
Race.004*a
 White787 (78.7)371 (74.2)416 (83.2)
 Black189 (18.9)118 (23.6)71 (14.2)
 Other24 (2.4)11 (2.2)13 (2.6)
Ethnicity<.001*a
 Hispanic or Latino212 (21.2)77 (15.4)135 (27.0)
 Not Hispanic or Latino778 (77.8)420 (84.0)358 (71.6)
 Unknown10 (1.0)3 (0.6)7 (1.4)
Smoking status.06a
 Yes198 (19.8)97 (19.4)101 (20.2)
 No636 (63.6)306 (61.2)323 (64.6)
 Unknown166 (16.6)97 (19.4)76 (15.2)
History of diabetes<.001*a
 Yes287 (28.7)188 (37.6)99 (19.8)
 No713 (71.3)312 (62.4)401 (80.2)
History of hypertension<.001*a
 Yes663 (66.3)412 (82.4)251 (50.2)
 No337 (33.7)88 (17.6)249 (49.8)
History of comorbid diabetes and hypertension<.001*a
 Yes260 (26.0)174 (34.8)86 (17.2)
 No740 (74.0)326 (65.2)414 (82.8)
Additional VariablesTotal Mean (SD)CKD Cases Mean (SD)Controls: No CKD Mean (SD)P Value
Age64.0 (16.5)68.4 (12.0)54.8 (17.1)<.001*b
Median income by zip ($)78,588 (24,855)78,227 (24,030)78,950 (25,672).65b
BMI31.42 (8.01)31.50 (7.92)31.35 (8.11).77b
Charlson Comorbidity Index1.8 (2.2)2.6 (2.5)1.0 (1.5)<.001*b

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease.

  • a Performed using Phi coefficient correlation.

  • b Performed using point biserial correlation.