Table 1.

VBG reference intervals for pH, pCO₂, and HCO₃⁻

VBG Parameter	Study VBG Reference Interval
pH	7.30–7.43
pCO₂, mm Hg	38–58
$\text{[math]}$ , mmol/L	22–30

Source: Adapted from Ress et al.¹⁸ Abbreviations: HCO₃⁻, bicarbonate; pCO₂, partial pressure of CO₂; VBG, venous blood gas.