Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
The IHSN data flow from site location to the CDC, where the data is then inputted into FluView for public use. Additional information from laboratory-confirmed influenza cases provided to the CDC include patient ID number, surveillance site, hospital admission date, patient DOB, influenza test methodology, and identified influenza subtype (A or B).8
- Figure 2.
An example of a 2 × 2 table used to calculate sensitivity and PPV. Test 1 is the method of interest and Test 2 is the method used for reference. The sensitivity calculation is TP/(TP + FN). The PPV calculation is TP/(TP + FP). 25 Note: FN, false negative; FP, false positive; TN, true negative; TP, true positive.
Tables
- Table 1.
Displays a list of the 10 EIP reporting sites and their varying requirements for influenza reporting. “Influenza reportable?” indicates whether influenza is required to be reported to the state department. “Reporting Window” indicates the state allowable timeframe for reporting before a penalty is incurred. And “Isolate sent?” indicates whether the laboratories that identified a positive case of influenza are required to send a specimen to the state health department for confirmation testing. 11-20
EIP participating State Influenza reportable? Reporting Window Isolatesent? California yes 7 days No Colorado yes 4 days No Connecticut yes 12 hours No Georgia yes (subtype A only) 7 days not listed Maryland yes (subtype A only) immediately Yes Minnesota yes 24 hours Yes New Mexico yes 24 hours No New York yes 24 hours not listed Oregon yes immediately Yes Tennessee yes (subtype A only) immediately Yes - Table 2.
A table comparing the turnaround times (test time), methodologies, analytical sensitivity, and positive predictive values (separated by influenza A and B subtypes) of 6 different randomly selected test methods selected from the CDC’s “Available FDA-Cleared Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests”22 and “FDA-cleared Nucleic Acid Detection Based Tests for Influenza Viruses”24 tables found on the CDC website. Sensitivity and positive predictive values for each test were calculated individually using package insert clinical study data of each methodology.26-31
SensitivityPositive Predictive Value Platform and/or Instrument Influenza Virus
Types Detected
Test Time
Methodology
A
B
A
BGeneXpert Xpress Influenza A and B approximately 30 min or less nucleic acid detection 97.50% 93.80% 100.00% 96.80% FilmArray®Film Array® Torch Influenza A and B 1-2 hr nucleic acid detection 90.00% 100% 99.8%* 100% ABI 7500 Fast Dx Influenza A and B 4 hr nucleic acid detection 100% 100% 100% 100% Sofia 2 FIA Analyzer Influenza A and B 10-15 minutes Antigen Detection 97.00% 90.00% 74.60% 84.20% BD Veritor Reader Influenza A and B 10-15 minutes Antigen Detection 83.60% 81.30% 93.60% 93.30% Alere Reader Influenza A and B 10-15 minutes Antigen Detection 84.30% 89.50% 83.10% 94.40% Note: hr, hour; min, minutes
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Keywords
- CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- DFA - direct fluorescent antibody
- DOB - date of birth
- EIP - Emerging Infections Program
- FDA - Food and Drug Administration
- FN - false negative
- FP - false positive
- ID - identification
- IFA - indirect fluorescent antibody
- IHSN - Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network
- NCHS - National Center for Health Statistics
- PPV - positive predictive value
- RIDT - rapid influenza diagnostic test
- RT-PCR - reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
- TN - true negative
- TP - true positive
- WHO - World Health Organization
- influenza
- human
- public health surveillance
- evaluation studies as topic